Health
From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
Health is the level of functional
or, metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind and body, usually meaning to be
free from illness,injury or pain (as in "good health"
or "healthy").[1] The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its
broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."[2][3] Although this definition
has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and
because of the problem created by use of the word "complete," it
remains the most enduring .[4][5] Other definitions have been
proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal
satisfaction.[6][7] Classification systems such
as the WHO Family of International Classifications,
including the International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to
define and measure the components of health.
Systematic activities to
prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are
undertaken by health
care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are
covered by the veterinary
sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the
context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the
benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy
environments. In addition to health care interventions and a
person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the
health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and
economic and social conditions; these are referred to as "determinants of
health."
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Generally, the context in
which an individual lives is of great importance for his health status and quality
of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved
not only through the advancement and application of health science, but
also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual
and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of
health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment,
and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.[8]
More specifically, key
factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or
unhealthy include:[8][9][10]
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Social
support networks
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Employment/working
conditions
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Personal
health practices and coping skills
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Gender
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Culture
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An increasing number of
studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the
linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles,
environments, health
care organization, and health policy - such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada;[10]the Alameda
County Study in California;[11] and the series of World
Health Reports of the World Health
Organization, which focuses onglobal health issues including access to
health care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing
countries.[12]
The concept of the "health
field," as distinct from medical care,
emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three
interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:[10]
·
Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e.,
over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or
cause, illness or death;
·
Environmental: all matters related to health external to
the human body and over which the
individual has little or no control;
·
Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental,
developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.
The maintenance and promotion
of health is achieved through different combination of physical, mental, and social
well-being, together sometimes referred to as the "health
triangle."[13][14] The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion further stated that health
is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the
objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and
personal resources, as well as physical capacities."[15]
Focusing more on lifestyle
issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda
County Study suggested that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight,
limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking.[16] The ability to adapt and to self manage have been suggested as core
components of human health.[17]
The environment is often
cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This
includes characteristics of the natural
environment, the built environment,
and the social
environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities and roads all have been found to
contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.[8][18] Some studies have shown
that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment
leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, linked to
lower overall health and well being.[19] This suggests that the
positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be
taken into account in public policy and land use.
Genetics, or
inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health
status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the predisposition to certain diseases and
health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop
through the lifestyle of their families. For
example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress, either
mental, emotional or physical (One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths
of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment
may be of particular importance.).
The World Health Organization describes mental health as
"a state of well-being in which the individual
realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life,
can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his
or her community".[20] Mental Health is not just
the absence of mental illness.
Mental Illness is described
as 'the spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural conditions that
interfere with social and emotional wellbeing and the lives and productivity of
people. Having a mental Illness can seriously impair; temporarily or
permanently, the mental functioning of a person. Other terms include: 'mental
health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'. (Hungerford et al 2012).
Roughly a quarter of all
adults 18 and over in the US suffer from a diagnosable mental illness. Mental
illnesses are the leading cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples
include, schizophrenia, ADHD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and autism.[21]
Achieving and maintaining
health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of health care knowledge and practices as
well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy.
The Dutch Public Health
Service provides medical care for the natives of the Dutch East Indies,
May 1946
Health science is the branch of science
focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study
and research of the body and health-related issues
to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that
knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases and other physical and
mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, includingbiology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical sociology.
Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health
through applications in areas such as health education, biomedical engineering, biotechnology and public health.
Organized interventions to
improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the
health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational
therapy, physical therapy and otherhealth
care professions. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health
of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health
of communities and populations. Workplace
wellness programs are increasingly adopted by
companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their
employees, as are school health services to improve the health and
well-being of children.
Postage stamp, New Zealand, 1933.
Public health has been promoted - and depicted - in a wide variety of ways.
Public health has been
described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life
and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of
society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."[22] It is concerned with
threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in
question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the
inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public
health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary
categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental
health, community health, behavioral health,
andoccupational
health are also important areas of public health.
The focus of public health
interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health
conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behavior, communities, and (in aspects relevant to human
health) environments. Its aim is to prevent health problems
from happening or re-occurring by implementing educational programs,
developing policies,
administering services, and conducting research.[23] In many cases, treating a
disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing
it in others, such as during an outbreak. Vaccination programs and distribution
of condoms to prevent the spread of communicable
diseases are examples of common preventive public
health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the
use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such).
Public health also takes
various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the country and, in some cases, the continent orworld. One issue is the access of individuals
and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or
sociocultural constraints to accessing and using services.[citation needed] Applications of the public
health system include the areas of maternal and child health, health
services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.
The great positive impact
of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies
and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a
decrease in the mortality rates for infants and children and a continual increase in life expectancy in most parts of the world.
For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans
by thirty years since 1900,[24] and worldwide by six years
since 1990.[25]
A lady washing her hands c.
1655
Personal health depends
partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt
about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or
minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through integrative care. They also include personal hygiene practices to prevent
infection and illness, such as bathing and washing hands with soap; brushing and flossing teeth;
storing, preparing and handling food safely; and
many others. The information gleaned from personal observations of daily living - such as about sleep
patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake, and environmental features -
may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I feel
tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different
pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g.,
a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having
exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication
to reduce fluid overload).[26]
Personal health also
depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance
of strong social relationships, volunteering, and
other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and even
increased longevity. One American study among seniors over age 70, found that
frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with
older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status.[27] Another study from
Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better cognitive performance scores, fewer depressive symptoms,
and better mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-volunteering
retirees.[28]
Prolonged psychological
stress may negatively impact health, and has been
cited as a factor in cognitive
impairment with aging, depressive illness, and
expression of disease.[29] Stress management is the application of
methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Relaxation
techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress.
Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking,
which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as problem solving and time management skills, reduces uncertainty
and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing
situations where those skills are applicable.
In addition to safety risks, many jobs also
present risks of disease, illness, and other long-term health problems. Among
the most common occupational diseases are various forms of pneumoconiosis,
including silicosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung disease). Asthma is another respiratory
illness that many workers are vulnerable to. Workers
may also be vulnerable to skin diseases, including eczema, dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn, and skin cancer.[30][31] Other occupational diseases
of concern include carpal tunnel syndrome and lead poisoning.
As the number of service sector jobs has risen in developed
countries, more and more jobs have become sedentary,
presenting a different array of health problems than those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector.
Contemporary problems such as the growing rate of obesity and issues relating to stress and overwork in many countries have
further complicated the interaction between work and health.
Many governments view
occupational health as a social challenge and have formed public organizations
to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these include theBritish Health and Safety Executive and in the United States, the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, which conducts research on
occupational health and safety, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
which handles regulation and policy relating to worker safety and health.[32][33][34]
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2. ^ World Health
Organization. 1946. WHO definition of Health, Preamble to the
Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International
Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the
representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health
Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
3. ^ World Health
Organization. 2006. Constitution of the World Health Organization -Basic
Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.
4. ^ Callahan
D. "The WHO definition of 'health'." The Hastings Center
Studies, 1(3), 1973 -http://www.jstor.org/pss/3527467
5. ^ Jadad
AR, O'Grady L. "How should health be defined?" BMJ 2008;
337:a2900 -http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec10_1/a2900
6. ^ Bellieni
CV, Buonocore G. Pleasing desires or pleasing whishes? A new approach to pain
definition. Ethics Med 2009;25:1
10. ^ a b c Lalonde, Marc. "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians." Ottawa:
Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.
11. ^ Housman, Jeff;
Dorman, Steve (September/October 2005). "The Alameda County Study: A Systematic,
Chronological Review" (PDF). American Journal of
Health Education (Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical
Education, Recreation and Dance) 36 (5): 302–308. ISSN 1055-6699.
ERIC document number EJ792845. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
15. ^ World
Health Organization. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Adopted
at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November
1986 - WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1.
16. ^ Housman & Dorman 2005, pp. 303–304.
"The linear model supported previous findings, including regular exercise,
limited alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking, sleeping 7-8 hours a
night, and maintenance of a healthy weight play an important role in promoting
longevity and delaying illness and death." Citing Wingard Dl, B. L.;
Berkman, L. F.; Brand, R. J. (1982). "A multivariate analysis of
health-related practices: a nine-year mortality follow-up of the Alameda County
Study". Am J Epidemiol116 (5): 765–775. PMID 7148802. edit
17. ^ Huber
M et al. "How should we define health?" BMJ 2011;343doi:10.1136/bmj.d4163 (Published
26 July 2011). Accessed 2 August 2011.
18. ^ UNESCO. The UN World Water Development Report: Facts and Figures
- Meeting basic needs. Accessed 12 May 2011.
19. ^ Bjork J et al. "Recreational Values of the Natural Environment in Relation to
Neighborhood Satisfaction, Physical Activity, Obesity and Well being." J
Epidemiol Community Health 2008;62:e2
20. ^ World
Health Organization (2050). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging
evidence, Practice: A report of the World Health Organization, Department of
Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health
Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health
Organization. Geneva.
27. ^ Harris
AHS, Thoresen CE. "Volunteering is Associated with Delayed Mortality
in Older People: Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging." Journal
of Health Psychology, 2005; 10(6): 739–752.
28. ^ Schwingel
A et al. "Continued work employment and volunteerism and
mental well-being of older adults: Singapore longitudinal ageing studies." Age
and Ageing, 2009; 38(5): 531-537.
29. ^ McEwen
BS (2006). "Protective and damaging effects of stress
mediators: central role of the brain". Dialogues Clin
Neurosci 8 (4): 367–81. PMC 3181832.PMID 17290796.
31. ^ "Skin
Exposure & Effects". NIOSH Topics. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
32. ^ "The National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health". Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
33. ^ "Occupational
Safety and Health Administration". U.S. Department of Labor.
Retrieved 7 August 2012.
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Health-EU Portal,
public health portal of the European Union
Beauty
From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
For
beauty as a characteristic of a person's appearance, see Physical attractiveness. For other uses, see Beauty (disambiguation).
Rayonnant rose window in Notre
Dame de Paris. In Gothic
architecture, light was considered the most beautiful revelation of
God.
Beauty is a characteristic of a
person, animal, place, object,
or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure orsatisfaction.[1] Beauty is studied as part
of aesthetics, sociology, social psychology,
and culture. An "ideal beauty" is an entity which is admired, or
possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture, for
perfection.
The experience of
"beauty" often involves an interpretation of some entity as being in
balance and harmony with nature, which may lead to feelings of attraction and emotional well-being.
Because this can be a subjective experience, it is often
said that "beauty is in the eye of the beholder."[2]
There is evidence that
perceptions of beauty are evolutionarily determined, that things, aspects of
people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically found in situations
likely to give enhanced survival of the perceiving human's genes.[3][4]
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Etymology
The classical Greek noun
for "beauty" was κάλλος, kallos, and the adjective for
"beautiful" was καλός, kalos. The Koine Greek word for beautiful was ὡραῖος, hōraios,[5] an adjective etymologically
coming from the word ὥρα, hōra, meaning "hour".
In Koine Greek, beauty was thus associated with "being of one's
hour".[6] Thus, a ripe fruit (of its
time) was considered beautiful, whereas a young woman trying to appear older or
an older woman trying to appear younger would not be considered beautiful. In
Attic Greek, hōraios had many meanings,
including "youthful" and "ripe old age".[6]
Historical view of beauty
Florence
Cathedral and dome. Since the Renaissance in Europe, harmony, symmetry
and correct proportions are considered essential elements of universal beauty.
There is evidence that a
preference for beautiful faces emerges early in child development, and that the
standards of attractiveness are similar across different genders and cultures.[7] A study published in 2008
suggests that symmetry is also important because
it suggests the absence of genetic or acquired defects.[8]
Although style and fashion vary widely,
cross-cultural research has found a variety of commonalities in people's
perception of beauty. The earliest Western theory of beauty can be found in the
works of early Greek philosophers from the pre-Socratic period, such as Pythagoras. The
Pythagorean school saw a strong connection between mathematics and beauty. In particular,
they noted that objects proportioned according to the golden ratio seemed more attractive.[9] Ancient Greek architecture is based on this view of
symmetry and proportion.
Plato considered beauty to
be the Idea (Form) above all other Ideas.[10] Aristotle saw a
relationship between the beautiful (to kalon) and virtue, arguing that
"Virtue aims at the beautiful."[11]
Classical
philosophy and sculptures of men and women produced
according to the Greek philosophers' tenets of ideal human beauty were
rediscovered in Renaissance Europe, leading to a
re-adoption of what became known as a "classical ideal". In terms of
female human beauty, a woman whose appearance conforms to these tenets is
still called a "classical beauty" or said to possess a
"classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman
artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty in western
civilization.[citation needed] During the Gothic era, the
classical aesthetical canon of beauty was rejected as sinful. Later, the Renaissance and Humanism rejected this view, and
considered beauty as a product of rational order and harmony of proportions.
Renaissance artists and architect (such as Giorgio Vasari in his "lives of
artists") criticised the Gothic period as irrational and barbarian. This
point of view over Gothic art lasted until Romanticism,
in the 19th century.
The Birth of Venus, by Sandro Botticelli.
The goddess Venus is the classical personification of beauty.
The Age of Reason saw a
rise in an interest in beauty as a philosophical subject. For example, Scottish
philosopher Francis Hutcheson argued that beauty is
"unity in variety and variety in unity".[12] The Romantic poets, too,
became highly concerned with the nature of beauty, with John Keats arguing in "Ode on a
Grecian Urn" that
Beauty is truth, truth
beauty ,—that is all.
Ye know on earth, and all
ye need to know.
In the Romantic period, Edmund Burke postulated a difference
between beauty in its classical meaning and the sublime.
The concept of the sublime, as explicated by Burke and Kant, suggested viewing Gothic art and
architecture, though not in accordance with the classical standard of beauty,
as sublime.[citation needed]
The 20th century saw an
increasing rejection of beauty by artists and philosophers alike, culminating
in postmodernism's
anti-aesthietics.[13] This is despite beauty
being a central concern of one of postmodernism's main influences, Friedrich
Nietzsche, who argued that the Will to Power was the Will to Beauty.[14]
In the aftermath of
postmodernism's rejection of beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an
important value. American analytic philosopher Guy Sircello proposed his New Theory of
Beauty as an effort to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important
philosophical concept.[15][16] Elaine Scarry also argues
that beauty is related to justice.[17]
Human beauty
The characterization of a
person as “beautiful”, whether on an individual basis or by community
consensus, is often based on some combination ofinner beauty, which
includes psychological factors such as personality, intelligence, grace, politeness, charisma, integrity, congruence andelegance, and outer beauty (i.e. physical attractiveness) which includes physical
attributes which are valued on aesthetic basis.
Is
she "beautiful"? Maybe the answers change
with time.
Standards of beauty have
changed over time, based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings
show a wide range of different standards for beauty. However, humans who are
relatively young, with smooth skin, well-proportioned bodies, and regular
features, have traditionally been considered the most beautiful throughout
history.
A strong indicator of
physical beauty is "averageness",
or "koinophilia".[citation needed] When images of human faces
are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively
closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive.
This was first noticed in 1883, whenFrancis Galton,
cousin of Charles Darwin, overlaid
photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see
if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed
that the composite images were more attractive compared to any of the
individual images.[citation needed]
Researchers have replicated
the result under more controlled conditions and found that the computer
generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably
than individual faces.[18] Evolutionarily, it makes
logical sense that sexual creatures should be attracted to mates who possess
predominantly common or average features.[19]
A feature of beautiful
women that has been explored by researchers is a waist–hip
ratio of approximately 0.70. Physiologists have
shown that women with hourglass figures are more fertile than other
women due to higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may
subconsciously condition males choosing mates.[20]
People are influenced by
the images they see in the media to determine what is or is not beautiful. Some
feminists and doctors[vague] have suggested that the
very thin models featured in magazines promoteeating disorders,[21] and others have argued that
the predominance of white women featured in movies and advertising leads to a Eurocentric concept of beauty, feelings
of inferiority in women of color,[22] andinternalized
racism.[23]
The concept of beauty in
men is known as 'bishōnen'
in Japan. Bishōnen refers to males with distinctly feminine features, physical
characteristics establishing the standard of beauty in Japan and typically
exhibited in their pop culture idols. A multi-billion-dollar
industry ofJapanese Aesthetic Salons exists for this reason.
Effects on society
Beauty presents a standard
of comparison, and it can cause resentment and
dissatisfaction when not achieved. People who do not fit the "beauty
ideal" may be ostracized within their communities. The television sitcom Ugly Betty portrays the life of a girl
faced with hardships due to society's unwelcoming attitudes toward those they
deem unattractive. However, a person may also be targeted for harassment
because of their beauty. In Malèna, a strikingly beautiful
Italian woman is forced into poverty by the women of the community who refuse
to give her work for fear that she may "woo" their husbands. The
documentary Beauty in the Eyes of the Beheld explores both the societal
blessings and curses of female beauty through interviews of women considered
beautiful.
Researchers have found that
good looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with
an ordinary appearance.[25]Some studies using mock criminal
trials have shown that physically attractive "defendants" are less
likely to be convicted—and if convicted are likely to receive lighter
sentences—than less attractive ones (although the opposite effect was observed
when the alleged crime was swindling, perhaps because jurors perceived the
defendant's attractiveness as facilitating the crime).[26] Studies among teens and
young adults, such as those of psychiatrist and self-help author, Eva Ritvo, show that
skin conditions have a profound effect on social behavior and opportunity.[27]
How much money a person
earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people
low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary looking
people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good
looking.[28] Discrimination against
others based on their appearance is known as lookism.[29]
St.
Augustine said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good
gift of God; but that the good may not think it a great good, God dispenses it
even to the wicked."[30]
Ugliness
Ugliness is a property of a person
or thing that is unpleasant to look upon and results in a highly unfavorable
evaluation. To be ugly is to be aesthetically unattractive, repulsive, or
offensive.[31]
People who appear ugly to
others suffer well-documented discrimination, earning 10 to 15 percent less per
year than similar workers, and are less likely to be hired for almost any job,
but lack legal recourse to fight discrimination.[32]
For some people, ugliness
is a central aspect of their persona. Jean-Paul Sartre had a lazy eye and a
bloated, asymmetrical face, and he attributed many of his philosophical ideas
to his lifelong struggle to come to terms with his self-described ugliness.[33] Socrates also used his ugliness as a
philosophical touch point, concluding that philosophy can save us from our
outward ugliness.[33] Famous in his own time for
his perceived ugliness, Abraham Lincoln was described by a
contemporary: "to say that he is ugly is nothing; to add that his figure
is grotesque, is to convey no adequate impression." However, his looks
proved to be an asset in his personal and political relationships, as his law
partner William Herndon wrote, "He was not a
pretty man by any means, nor was he an ugly one; he was a homely man, careless
of his looks, plain-looking and plain-acting. He had no pomp, display, or
dignity, so-called. He appeared simple in his carriage and bearing. He was a
sad-looking man; his melancholy dripped from him as he walked. His apparent
gloom impressed his friends, and created sympathy for him—one means of his
great success."[34]
See also
References
2. ^ Gary Martin
(2007). "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder".
The Phrase Finder.Archived from the original on November
30, 2007. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
7. ^ Rhodes,
G. (2006). "The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty". Annual
Review of Psychology 57: 199–226. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208.PMID 16318594.
8. ^ Highfield, Roger. "Why beauty is an advert for good
genes". The Telegraph. Retrieved February 13, 2012
9. ^ Seife,
Charles (2000). Zéro: the biography of a dangerous idea.
Penguin. ISBN 0-14-029647-6. p. 32
15. ^ A
New Theory of Beauty. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1975.
18. ^ Langlois,
J. H., Roggman, L. A., & Musselman, L. (1994). "What is average and
what is not average about attractive faces?". Psychological
Science 5: 214–220.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00503.x.
19. ^ KOESLAG, J.H. (1990).
"Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and
stabilizes social behaviour". J. Theor. Biol. 144 (1):
15–35.doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80297-8. PMID 2200930.
20. ^ Utton,
Tim. "Born mothers have curvy hips | Mail Online". Daily
Mail (London).Archived from the original on June 26,
2010. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
22. ^ Sekayi,
Dia (2003). "Aesthetic Resistance to Commercial Influences: The
Impact of the Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women". Journal
of Negro Education (findarticles.com). Retrieved 2010-05-31.[dead link]
23. ^ Chris Weedon, Cardiff
University. "Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western
Perspective". Gender Forum Electronic Journal. Archived from the original on December 6,
2007. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
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