Home
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A home is a place of residence or refuge.[1] When it refers to a
building, it is usually a place in which an individual or a family can live and
store personal property such as a single-family detached home or an apartment]. It is
generally a place to provide safety and is used as a center from which people
or animals base their daily activities. Most modern-dayhouseholds contain sanitary facilities and a means of preparing food.
Animals have their own homes as well, either living in the wild or shared with
humans in a domesticated environment. Home might have a Sanskrit aham (self) or akam (self)
in Tamil as its etymology. "Lh
Home is also used to refer
to the geographical area (whether it be a suburb, town, city or country) in which a
person grew up or feels they belong, or it can refer to the native habitat of a wild animal. There are
cultures in which homes are mobile such as nomadic peoples. Sometimes, as an
alternative to the definition of home as a physical locale ("Home is where
you hang your hat"[2]), home may be perceived to have no
physical location, instead, home may relate instead to a mental or emotional
state of refuge or comfort. Popular sayings along these lines are "Home is
where the heart is"[3] or "You can never go
home again".
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The word "home"
can be used for various types of residential community institutions in which people can live,
such asnursing, retirement homes for seniors, prisons for criminals, treatment
facilities, foster homes, etc. A
home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can
become a prized possession.
In computer terminology, a
'home' may refer to a starting view that branches off into other tasks, e.g. a homepage or a desktop.
In a full
screen editor, home is often used to mean the top-leftmost character cell, or
the leftmost cell on a line in a line editor. These
are the initial ones used by left-to-right languages. A standard 101-key PC
keyboard contains a Home key. Many home pages on the with introductory
information, recent news or events, and links to subpages. "Home
" may also refer to a home directory which contains the personal files of a given user of the computer system.
Buildings such as huts and longhouses have been used for living
since the lateNeolithic.[4] Homes may be lost in many
ways, such as Natural Disasters.[5] Other people have lost
their homes through events by humans such as Sherman's March to the Sea.[6]
Since it can be said that
humans are generally creatures of habit, the state of
a person's home has been known to physiologically influence their behavior, emotions, and
overall mental health.[7][unreliable source?] The loss of a home (due to
whatever reason, be it through accident or natural disaster,repossession, or in
the case of children simply the decision to move
on the part of the parents) can be a valid cause of relocation.
Some people may become homesick when they leave their home
over an extended period of time. Sometimes homesickness can cause a person to
feel actual symptoms of illness. It has been argued that psychologically
"The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a
dwelling. Usually the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that
point, but it does not do so in a fixed or regular way."[8] Furthermore, places like
homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who someone is or used to be
or who they might become. These types of reflections also occur in places where
there is a collective historical identity, such as Gettysburg or Ground Zero.[9]
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5. ^ Teves,
Hranjski, Oliver, Hrvoje. "Death toll from Philippine typhoon climbs past
500". USA Today. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
7. ^ Samuel
Boutruche, Stéphanie Bourgeois, Nadine Lyamouri-Bajja (2008). Raising Young Refugees' Voices in Europe and Beyond. Council of Europe. p. 35.
9. ^ Douglas
Burton-Christie. 2009. "Place-Making as Contemplative Practice."
Anglican Theological Reviews 91.3: 347-371.
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Home
Garden
From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
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This
article needs additional citations for verification. Please
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citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007)
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A garden is a planned space, usually
outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both
natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential
garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a
more general one. Zoos,
which display wild animals in simulated natural
habitats, were formerly called zoological
gardens.[1][2] Western gardens are almost
universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden.
Some traditional types of
eastern gardens, such as Zen
gardens, use plants such as parsley. Xeriscape gardens use local native
plants that do not require irrigation or extensive use of other resources while
still providing the benefits of a garden environment. Gardens may exhibit
structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including water features such as fountains, ponds
(with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks, dry creek beds, statuary, arbors,
trellises and more.
Some gardens are for
ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes
in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants.
Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale,
more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather
than produce for sale). Flower gardens combine plants of different heights,
colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.
Gardening is the activity of growing
and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professionalgardener. A gardener
might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment,
or otherpublic space. Landscape architecture is a related professional
activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public
and corporate clients.
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The etymology of the word gardening refers to enclosure: it is from Middle English gardin, from Anglo-French gardin,jardin, of Germanic
origin; akin to Old High German gard, gart, an enclosure or compound,
as in Stuttgart. See Grad (Slavic settlement) for more complete
etymology.[3] The words yard, court, and Latin hortus (meaning
"garden," hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates—all referring
to an enclosed space.[4]
The term "garden"
in British English refers to a small enclosed
area of land, usually adjoining a building.[5] This would be referred to
as a yard in American English.
Garden design is the
creation of plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes.
Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Most
professional garden designers are trained in principles of design and in
horticulture, and have an expert knowledge and experience of using plants. Some
professional garden designers are also landscape
architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an
advanced degree and often a state license.
Elements of garden design
include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water
features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with
consideration for their horticultural requirements, their
season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size,
speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features.
Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including
the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the
choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the
plants, whether annual or perennial, and
bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly
divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.[6]
The most important
consideration in any garden design is, how the garden will be used, followed
closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will
connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these
considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations
can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly
hardscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow
quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over
time, area by area.
Garden at the centre of
intersection inShanghai.
The elements of a garden
consist of the following:
Natural conditions and
materials:
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Soil
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Rocks
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Light
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Wind
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Air
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Plant materials
Constructed elements:
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Paths
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Terrace,
patio, deck
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Lighting
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Sculpture,
Partial view from the Botanical Garden of Curitiba (Southern Brazil): parterres,flowers, fountains, sculptures,greenhouses and tracks composes the place used for
recreation and to study and protect the flora.
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Cooperation with nature
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Observation of nature
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Relaxation
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Family dinners on the terrace
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Children playing in the garden
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Maintaining the flowerbeds
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Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat
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Growing useful produce
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Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty
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Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking
Bristol Zoo, England
Gardens may feature a
particular plant or plant type(s);
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Fernery
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Orangery
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Orchard
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Potager
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Vineyard
Gardens may feature a
particular style or aesthetic:
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Children's Garden
Types of garden:
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Chinampa
Gardeners may cause
environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local
environment. Damage by gardeners can include direct destruction
of natural habitats when houses and gardens are
created; indirect habitat
destruction and damage to provide garden materials such
as peat,
rock for rock gardens, and by the use of tapwater to irrigate gardens; the
death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of slugsand snails but also their predators
such as hedgehogs and song thrushes by metaldehyde slug killer; the death of
living beings outside the garden, such as local species extinction by
indiscriminate plant collectors;
and climate changecaused
by greenhouse gases produced by gardening.
Some gardeners manage their
gardens without using any water from outside the garden, and therefore do not
deprive wetland habitats of the water they need to survive. Examples in Britain
include Ventnor Botanic Garden on the Isle of Wight, and
parts of Beth Chatto's garden
in Essex, Sticky Sticky Wicket in Dorset, and the Royal
Horticultural Society's gardens at Harlow Carr and Hyde Hall. Rain gardens absorb rainfall falling
onto nearby hard surfaces, rather than sending it into stormwater drains.[7] For irrigation, see rainwater, sprinkler
system, drip irrigation, tap water, greywater,hand pump and watering can.
Chris Baines's
classic book 'How to make a wildlife garden'[8] was first published in
1985, and is still a good source of advice on how to create and manage a wildlife garden.
Climate change will have
many impacts on gardens, most of them negative, and these are detailed in
'Gardening in the Global Greenhouse' by Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley.[9] Gardens also contribute to
climate change. Greenhouse gases can be produced by gardeners in many ways. The
three main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Gardeners produce carbon dioxide directly by overcultivating soil and destroying soil
carbon, by burning garden 'waste' on bonfires,
by using power tools which burn fossil fuel or use electricity
generated by fossil fuels, and by using peat. Gardeners produce methane by compacting
the soil and making it anaerobic, and by allowing their compost heaps to become compacted and
anaerobic. Gardeners produce nitrous oxide by applying excessnitrogen
fertiliser when plants are not actively growing so that
the nitrogen in the fertiliser is converted by soil bacteriato
nitrous oxide. Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways,
including the use of trees, shrubs,ground cover plants and other perennial plants
in their gardens, turning garden 'waste' into soil
organic matter instead of burning it,
keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power
tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not
needed, and using nitrogen-fixing plants instead of nitrogen
fertiliser.[10]
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Nathaniel
Hawthorne's short-story "Rappaccini's Daughter"
Other outdoor spaces that
are similar to gardens include:
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A landscape is an outdoor space of a
larger scale, natural or designed, usually unenclosed and considered from a
distance.
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A park is a planned outdoor space,
usually enclosed ('imparked') and of a larger size. Public parks are for public use.
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A botanical garden is a type of garden where
plants are grown both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and
education of visitors.
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A zoological garden, or zoo for short, is a place where
wild animals are cared for and exhibited to the public.
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Bāgh
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Gardener
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Verde
Pulgar, a software application that assists with gardening
1. ^ Garden
history : philosophy and design, 2000 BC--2000 AD, Tom Turner. New
York: Spon Press, 2005. ISBN 0-415-31748-7
2. ^ The
earth knows my name : food, culture, and sustainability in the gardens of
ethnic Americans, Patricia Klindienst. Boston: Beacon Press, c2006. ISBN 0-8070-8562-6
4. ^ "Etymology of words referring to enclosures,
probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stuttgart. The
word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalingrad, and
the Russian word for city, gorod. Gird and girdle are also related".
Yourdictionary.com.
6. ^ Chen,
Gang (2010). Planting design illustrated (2nd
ed.). Outskirts Press, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4327-4197-6.
7. ^ Dunnett
and Clayden, Nigel and Andy (2007). Rain Gardens: Managing Water
Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape. Portland, Oregon, USA:
Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881928266.
8. ^ Baines,
Chris (2000). How to make a wildlife garden. London: Frances
Lincoln. ISBN 978-0711217119.
9. ^ Bisgrove and Hadley,
Richard and Paul (2002). Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The
impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK. Oxford: UK Climate Impacts
Programme.
10. ^ Ingram, Vince-Prue,
and Gregory (editors), David S., Daphne, and Peter J. (2008). Science
and the Garden: The scientific basis of horticultural practice. Oxford:
Blackwell. ISBN 9781405160636.
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Gardens
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